Журнал тканевой науки и инженерии

Research of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continues to develop advanced materials that can better mimic the significant architecture and functional properties of native tissues. Treatment of osteochondral injuries by using scaffolds contains the problem of fixation and integration of the engineered tissue to the surrounding one. Therefore, tissue engineered osteochondral graft design must be directed not only to the injured cartilage but also to the subchondral bone for a sufficient osteochondral repair and integration of the neo-cartilage into the osseous surrounding. In this study, we produced a bilayer scaffold and investigated the ability of co-cultures of chondrocytes and osteoblasts to repair articular cartilage in osteochondral defects. For this purpose, fibrin glued loofah+PLLA+cellulose scaffold with MG-63 cells and loofah+PLLA+chitin scaffold with SW-1353 cells were used to promote bone and cartilage regeneration, respectively. Viability tests and morphology images indicated that this bilayer scaffold had good affinity for osteoblast and chondrocytes cells, encouraging their growth, proliferation and attachment. Histological and immune-histochemical staining analyses confirmed that loofah bilayer scaffolds provided a good support for the cells. Based on the preliminary results in vitro, we suggest that the integrated bilayer scaffold consisting of loofah+PLLA+cellulose and loofah+PLLA+chitin, has potential use to repair osteochondral defects, either upon cellular implantation and/or in acellular form.

Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV or molecule CD26 (DPP IV/CD26) is a multifunctional protein, identified as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes, due to its ability to degrade incretins, insulin secretagogues. Delayed wound healing is a significant complication in diabetic patients that represents a major socio-economic health problem. It has been proposed that DPP IV/CD26 inhibition accelerates healing of chronic diabetic ulcers in those patients, through the induction of a histological pattern consistent with enhanced angiogenesis. Studies on mice models of diabetesdisturbed wound healing also suggested that the inhibition of DPP IV enzymatic activity may improve tissue regeneration processes. However, further research is needed to elucidate the role of DPP IV/CD26 in diabetic wound healing. The objective of this work was to discuss recent findings on the implications of DPP IV/CD26 in tissue regeneration and reparation in diabetic environment.

Recently in situ injectable hydrogels have received considerable attention to regenerate failure heart tissue after myocardial infarction (MI). But two criteria remain crucial: first, defining their chemical composition and structural parameters because they must be fabricated to withstand physiological condition while having high cell retention; second, providing the hydrogel with short gelation time to protect the cells from washout and extrusion in the injection site. In this study, two different pH-sensitive hydrogels with instant gelation in the presence of aqueous acetic acid (WH sample), and DMEM medium along with acetic acid (MH sample) were prepared. The morphology and structural and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were evaluated by SEM, FTIR and compressive strength test, respectively. Also, the equilibrium swelling ratio of each hydrogel and their degradation rate as a desirable property were also determined. MTT test confirmed that both hydrogels were biocompatible and non-toxic for human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBMSCs) within 14 days as well as 31 and 36% cell growth during this time for WH and MH samples, respectively. The viability investigation of human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hADSCs), tested by live/dead assay with Acridine Orange and Ethidium bromide staining, showed high cell survival and cell density increase during 1, 7, 14, 21 days. The overall results demonstrated that both in situ forming hydrogels are promising candidates for regeneration of the infarcted myocardium.

Tendons play an important role in transferring stress between muscles and bones and in maintaining joint stability. Tendon tears are difficult to heal, and are associated with high recurrence rates. So the objective of this study was to develop a biodegradable scaffold for tendon-bone junction regeneration. Two types of polylactic acid (PLA) yarns, having fibers with round and four deep grooved cross-sections, were braided into tubular scaffolds and cultured with murine TGF-β Type II receptor (TGFBR2)-expressing joint progenitor cells. The scaffolds were designed to mimic the mechanical, immuno-chemical and biological properties of natural mouse tendon-bone junctions. Three different tubular scaffolds measuring 2 mm in diameter were braided on a Steeger 16-spindle braiding machine using these PLA yarns. The three different scaffold structures were: 1) PLA hollow tube using round fibers, 2) PLA hollow tube using grooved and round fibers, and 3) PLA multicomponent tube containing round fibers in the sheath and grooved core fibers inserted within the lumen. The dynamic tensile strength and initial Young’s modulus of the three scaffolds were monitored on an Instron mechanical tester, and cell attachment, viability, proliferation and migration were measured at different time points. The three different braided structures provided a wide range of mechanical properties that mimicked the various zones of the tendon bone junction. The biological tests confirmed that cell viability, attachment and proliferation occurred throughout all three scaffolds, indicating that they have the potential to be used as scaffolds for the regeneration of a tendon bone tissue junction.

Present review article describes main causes of chronic kidney disease a major health problem public health problem round the globe. Disease has multiple etiologies related to sequential pathophysiological stages. It has major concern with chronic changes in renal structure and that severely alter glomerular filtration rate in patients. This article explains CKD biomarkers in brief i.e. serum creatinine, periostin, a matricellular protein discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a transmembrane collagen receptor of the tyrosine kinase family, Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) renal biomarkers, metabolic biomarkers. The main focus was given on use of nanoparticles for CKD therapeutics. This article describes various metal and metal oxide nanaoparticles, such as cuprous oxide (CONPs), super paramagnetic iron oxide (new SPIO) nanoparticles, silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle, Vanadium oxide nanoparticles (VONPs, Titanium dioxide and gold, calcifying nanoparticles, colloidal protein-mineral nanoparticles, Liposomal nanoparticles, MITO-Porter, SB-coated NPs, ASc-loaded polymeric nanoparticles, Carbon-coated iron nanocrystal, Nanodiamonds, Sodium-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted chitosan (CS) nanoparticles, Photocaged nanoparticles, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs Quantum dots (QDs) which are used for drug delivery patients. For successful management of disease progression of diseases, symptoms should analyze by good physician at an eerily stage, by using highly efficacious, sensitive and specific CKD markers. All factors must include knowing the status of disease and chemotherapeutics by using low toxic nanoparticles. Before being used nanoparticles should evaluate in experiment animal models. For future therapeutics metabolomics, kidney transplants and good wound healers are required.

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy is one of the biological interventions in regenerative medicine with a sure success in clinical translations of wound healing. Platelet rich plasma is an autologous plasma fraction of peripheral blood and it’s the simplest intervention of regenerative medicine. It is rapidly extending to multiple clinical fields because of its easy use and biosafety which facilitates translation in humans. The biggest advantage over other therapies is it’s being autologous, no adverse events or reactions are encountered. The economic as well as social burden caused due to chronic and degenerative disease is well cared by this autologous therapy. The clinical applications have proven its efficacy and efficiency in healing all types of wounds. The microscopic and histopathological changes in the tissues after PRP therapy are described in this article. The changes in the tissues have evoked the transformation from fibrosis led healing to collagen led healing; a bioengineered mechanism of PRP led regeneration of wounds.

Foeniculum vulgare belongs to family Apiaceae and is also called by the name of fennel. Agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of its seed extracts in water and methanol against a number of pathogenic fungi. Methanolic extract of fennel seeds was less effective against test fungi as compared to its aqueous extract. However in case of Candida species, both types of extracts were found to be effective.

With the advent of Regenerative medicine products in medicine, newer solutions are getting evolved for complex conditions. The Cellular therapies offer a new ray of hope by inducing regeneration of tissue at the site of damage. The cellular therapy led by platelet rich plasma (PRP) is one such key regenerative product. But there is a huge variability in its usage, particularly for wounds. The standardisation for clinical usage is not yet evolved, hence limiting the clinical application of the same. The authors have developed a standard protocol “STARS” therapy, which utilises PRP as biotechnological tool, re-engineering the damaged tissue and gradually assisting the regeneration. In this study we report 8 cases of wounds / ulcers over the sole being treated by it. The results are excellent and offer a milestone solution to non-healing wounds/ ulcers over soles. These wounds are otherwise, very difficult to treat particularly as they are associated with high risks factors such as infection, Diabetes and old age. They are under constant pressure due to weight bearing and give way easily and do not heal. The bioenginreeing of the sole tissues through PRP led STARS intervention is safe, effective and easily reproducible.

Employing cationic lipids and polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, etc. as DNA carriers for gene delivery systems are gaining interest with the passage of time such chemical vectors form condensed complexes or aggregates with negatively charged DNA to not only protect the DNA from nucleases but also facilitate its intracellular uptake and site specific delivery.