Медицинская химия

A total of 420 one-day-old healthy broilers were divided into six groups. There were 70 broilers in each group. The broilers were fed on a corn-soybean basal diet as a control diet (vanadium 0.073 mg/kg) or the same diet amended to contain 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg vanadium supplied as ammonium metavanadate for 42 days. When compared with those of the control group, the mitochondrial injury of splenocytes and more apoptotic splenocytes with condensed chromatin with C-shaped, horseshoe-like, petal-shaped or crescent were ultrastructurally observed in the spleen in the 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups. As measured by flow cytometry (FCM), the number of apoptotic splenocytes was significantly increased in the 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups. Immunohistochemical tests showed that number of positive splenocytes containing Bax and caspase-3 protein was increased, and number of positive splenocytes containing Bcl-2 protein was decreased in the 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups. It was concluded that dietary vanadium in excess of 15 mg/kg could result in splenocyte apoptosis in broilers. Splenocyte apoptosis was closely related to mitochondrial injury and changed expression of apoptogenic proteins induced by vanadium.

The effects of consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of conventional low-dose simvastatin in Japan were investigated. In a randomized cross-over study with two phases, 10 healthy volunteers ingested grapefruit juice 400ml or water for 2 days. On day 3, a single 5mg dose of simvastatin was administered with grapefruit juice 200ml or water. Plasma concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor were determined up to 8 h thereafter. Grapefruit juice increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curves from 0 to 8 h of total HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor 1.7- fold (p=0.002) and that of active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor 1.7-fold (p=0.024). However, the peak concentrations (Cmax) and Tmax of total and active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors were not significant influenced.Consumption of grapefruit juice with low-dose simvastatin thus resulted in mild increase of the plasma HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, so that the pharmacokinetic interaction can be labeled as of weak CYP3A type.

Cytokines are key regulators of the immune system that shapes both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Present knowledge allows a deeper understanding of the cytokine network and their complex roles in the development of immune responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary vanadium on the contents of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the mucosa of different parts of intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A total of 420 one-day-old avian broilers were divided into six groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet (control diet) or the same basal diet supplemented with 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg vanadium in the form of ammonium metavanadate, respectively. During the experimental period of 42 days, the results showed that the IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α contents were significantly lower (p<0.05 or p<0.01) in the 30 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups than those in the control group, and the IL-6 contents were significantly decreased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) mainly in the 45 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups in comparison with those of the control group. It was concluded that dietary vanadium in excess of 30 mg/kg significantly reduced the contents of above cytokines in the intestinal mucosa of broilers, which could impact the function of intestinal mucosal immunity by affecting the pathways that reduced the lymphocyte population and / or lymphocyte activation.