Предпринимательство и управление организацией

The specific requirement of the project, the structure of the instrument and its accuracy levels in measuring data, from business incubation community. The source of data needed to come from the four different important incubation players such as Business Incubator Managers, Incubatee Entrepreneurs, Academicians who are engaged in Business Incubation Activities and Policy Makers.

This study attempts to explore the extent to which entrepreneurial leadership style is used by CEOs in Tanzanian SMEs. The study also attempts to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership style of CEOs and business performance of small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) CEOs in Tanzania. The research is based on primary data collected by mailed questionnaires and analyzed quantitatively using Pearson product moment correlation and simple regression by SPSS. The findings show that 68.88% of all CEOs in Tanzania use entrepreneurial leadership style. More over the findings showed that there is a significant strong positive correlation between entrepreneurial leadership style and business performance of SMEs in Tanzania

Strategic positioning is very important in this 21st century era, where the marketplace is overcrowded with intense competition and me-too products. Firms are expected to strategically position themselves to achieve competitive advantage. Any firm that lacks a clear strategy can end up in a muddle and confusion. This study provides a critical assessment of the strategic position of the Melcom chain of shops within the Ghanaian retail industry. A review of literature on the factors that strategically position a company above its competitors is conducted. This is followed by a summary of Melcom positioning and customer expectation. The study reviews the external environment in which Melcom operates and finds opportunities such as increasing demand for its products, but also uncovers threats such as competition from foreign investors. The report considers how the external environment influences Melcom's strategic position and identifies the company's generic strategies of differentiation and cost leadership. Using a case study method, the paper derives qualitative data on the retail industry in Ghana using Porter’s five forces. It achieves this by analysing the industry and evaluating its effect on Melcom. The report also reviews Melcom's competencies and resources, and identifies the sources of the company's competitive advantage. The report concludes with a series of strategic recommendations for Melcom. The aim of these is to help improve Melcom's market share and sales.

This paper makes an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of microfinance on empowerment of women. A crosssectional research on 215 women in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India through a structured questionnaire was conducted. Population of study is women who are associated with Self Help Groups (SHG’s). These women are married and have at least one child. Exploratory factor analysis is used to study the indicators of women empowerment. Results reveal that indicators of women empowerment are household economic decision making, legal awareness, mobility, economic security and family decision making. Five hypotheses are developed to evaluate the effectiveness of microfinance on empowerment of women for mentioned five indicators. Paired samples t test is used to know the difference in women’s perception before joining microfinance program and after joining microfinance program. The findings of this study reveal that microfinance is a powerful tool in enhancing women empowerment for its all indicators like household economic decision making, legal awareness, mobility, economic security and family decision making.

In a competitive industry, the exit and takeover of less efficient firms enable reallocation of resources for more effective use, and improve the economic efficiency of an industry as a whole. The rapidly-growing cut flower exporting industry in Ethiopia recently slowed in expansion with newly entering firms, whereas the industry continued to grow in export. We constructed the primary panel of the flower exporters Our analysis reveal that less profitable firms started to exit the industry, and that firms endowed with rich local resources were increasingly taken over and improved productivity and profitability.

In recent decades we can see around the business that the things are changing like never before due to technological advancement, change in economy and political influences. It has been also observed in two decades that there is a major shift in consumers taste and preferences. The companies who are continuous monitoring and focusing on these issues are much more successful than the rest. There is a cut throat competition in the market and every company wants to fill the vacuum of the market by providing desired product and services to the consumers. In current market scenario, the studies show that consumers are now health and environment conscious. Perhaps this is the reason, that the concept of green product and green marketing are taking place slowly and steadily in the market. It can be also as an opportunity for those companies, who believe in innovation and redesigning their products and services in ecological manner. It is a perfect time for those entrepreneurs who want to come and be a part of this emerging green market. The purpose of this paper is to aim in general to understand the opportunities for green entrepreneurs in the changing scenario of market shift. The study is based on available literature, various facts and figures, on this issue. It tries to bring a novel study which can be applied in current market scenario. The study is conceptual in nature and validates its findings with the help of a proposed model.

General economic thinking considerably influences Market Based Management (MBM). Opportunity-cost, marginalanalysis, creative-destruction and more, are rooted in economic thought. However, what about central planning? In the “Use of Knowledge in Society” Hayek was careful to distinguish between “central planning” by the government, which he thought was damaging and decentralized planning by individuals and organizations, which led to advantageous competition. The Market Based Management method tries to find ways to adapt the principles of a free society and market economy to advance management practice in organizations. Hayek argues that given the heavy oratorical emphasis on markets, it should come as no wonder that Market Based Management ideas have attracted attention from individuals in the varied field of organizational economics. Contrariwise, some academics in management and other social sciences express doubts, precisely because they perceive all the market based talk to be a form of monetaryimperialism that seeks to reduce all human behavior to hyper-rational self-interested enhancing.

The issue of balancing business profitability and corporate social responsibility engagement is a delicate one. Whereas some people in business and academia see the two as inextricably linked and that businesses do well by doing good, others believe that using the legitimate returns of entrepreneurship for philanthropic activities is irresponsible. Modern corporations cannot exist and provide the products and services enjoyed by society if they do not make worthwhile profits for their owners who risk their wealth by investing and providing the funds necessary for their operations. Indeed the ‘free enterprise’ advocates have long held the view that businesses should be left to pursue the principle of profit maximisation as long as they operate within the law. However, this paper takes the position that in an age where business sustainability is being touted across the corporate world as the panacea to achieving organizational viability, companies cannot afford to ignore their corporate social responsibility credentials in the name of profit maximisation. The article goes on to emphasize that adopting a stakeholder concept rather than the shareholder concept enables a business to enhance its competitive advantage. The article uses examples of how contemporary organizations have used their CSR policies as a differentiation strategy to separate themselves from the competition, allowing them to increase sales and market share, thereby improving their financial performance. The article concludes by citing Michael Porter’s principle of creating shared value where business and society recognize their interdependence and work together to provide products and services that meet societal needs while at the same time providing organizations and their investors with satisficing profitability.

This study explores the influence of decision making in organizational leadership and management activities that impact creativity, growth and effectiveness, success, and goal accomplishments in current organizations. The purpose of this qualitative critical ethnographic study was focused on identifying the factors influencing success in decision making among organizational leaders and managers in organizations’ practices. The qualitative paradigm was used in order to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the issues and challenges influencing effectiveness, and success among organizational leadership and managements in business practices. The author being committed and determined to discovering a pattern of meaning through experience, systemic thinking, assessment, and creative analysis used the Kurt Lewin leadership philosophical underpinning approaches of leadership namely: autocratic, democratic, and laissezfaire methods of leadership decision making processes in the context of this study, with the aim of discovering the main factors rather than specific variables and outcomes affecting decision making among business leaders. Approximately, four hundred past and current business executives and managements participated in this study. Data was collected through structured interviews and surveys. The results that emerged from the data indicated that there is a great need for change and improvement in decision making among organizational executives while accommodating technology, diversity, globalization, policy, teamwork, and leadership effectiveness